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Feb 20, 2022 Deixe um recado

Existem duas formas de viga I-padrão:

I-beams are commonly made of aço estrutural but may also be formed from alumínio or other materials. A common type of I-beam is the viga de aço laminado (RSJ)—sometimes incorrectly rendered as viga de aço reforçadabritânico and Padrões europeus also specify Universal Beams (UBs) and Universal Columns (UCs). These sections have parallel flanges, as opposed to the varying thickness of RSJ flanges which are seldom now rolled in the UK. Parallel flanges are easier to connect to and do away with the need for tapering washers. UCs have equal or near-equal width and depth and are more suited to being oriented vertically to carry axial load such as columns in multi-storey construction, while UBs are significantly deeper than they are wide are more suited to carrying bending load such as beam elements in floors.

Eu-vigas—I-beams engineered from wood with painel de fibra and/or Madeira em lâmina folheada—are also becoming increasingly popular in construction, especially residential, as they are both lighter and less prone to warping than solid wooden vigas. No entanto, tem havido alguma preocupação quanto à sua rápida perda de força em um incêndio se desprotegida.

Projeto para dobrar 

As maiores tensões () em uma viga sob flexão estão nos locais mais distantes do eixo neutro.

A beam under bending sees high stresses along the axial fibers that are farthest from the eixo neutro. Para evitar falhas, a maior parte do material da viga deve estar localizada nessas regiões. Comparativamente, pouco material é necessário na área próxima ao eixo neutro. Essa observação é a base da seção I-transversal da viga-; o eixo neutro corre ao longo do centro da alma que pode ser relativamente fina e a maior parte do material pode ser concentrada nos flanges.

The ideal beam is the one with the least cross-sectional area (and hence requiring the least material) needed to achieve a given módulo da seção. Since the section modulus depends on the value of the momento de inércia, uma viga eficiente deve ter a maior parte de seu material localizado o mais longe possível da linha neutra. Quanto mais distante uma determinada quantidade de material estiver do eixo neutro, maior é o módulo de seção e, portanto, um maior momento de flexão pode ser resistido.

When designing a symmetric I-beam to resist stresses due to bending the usual starting point is the required section modulus. If the allowable stress is  and the maximum expected bending moment is , então o módulo de seção requerido é dado por3

where  is the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section and  is the distance of the top of the beam from the neutral axis (see teoria do feixe for more details).

For a beam of cross-sectional area  and height , the ideal cross-section would have half the area at a distance  above the cross-section and the other half at a distance  below the cross-section.3 For this cross-section

No entanto, essas condições ideais nunca podem ser alcançadas porque o material é necessário na trama por razões físicas, inclusive para resistir à flambagem. Para vigas de flange-larga, o módulo de seção é aproximadamente

que é superior ao alcançado por vigas retangulares e vigas circulares.

Problemas 

Though I-beams are excellent for unidirectional bending in a plane parallel to the web, they do not perform as well in bidirectional bending. These beams also show little resistance to twisting and undergo sectional warping under torsional loading. For torsion dominated problems, vigas de caixa and other types of stiff sections are used in preference to the I-beam.

Formas e materiais (EUA) 

Aço rebitado enferrujado I-viga

Nos Estados Unidos, a viga I-mais comumente mencionada é a forma de-flange (W) larga. Essas vigas possuem banzos cujas superfícies internas são paralelas na maior parte de sua área. Outras vigas I-incluem formas padrão americano (designadas por S), nas quais as superfícies internas do flange não são paralelas, e estacas H-(designadas por HP), que são normalmente usadas como fundações de estacas. Formas de flange-largas estão disponíveis na classe ASTM A992,4 which has generally replaced the older ASTM grades A572 and A36. Ranges of yield strength:

  • A36: 36,000 psi (250 MPa)

  • A572: 42,000–60,000 psi (290–410 MPa), with 50,000 psi (340 MPa) the most common

  • A588: Similar to A572

  • A992: 50,000–65,000 psi (340–450 MPa)

Como a maioria dos produtos de aço, as-vigas geralmente contêm algum conteúdo reciclado.

Padrões 

Os padrões a seguir definem a forma e as tolerâncias das seções de aço de viga I-:

Padrões Europeus 

  • EN 10024, Hot rolled taper flange I sections – Tolerances on shape and dimensions.

  • EN 10034, Structural steel I and H sections – Tolerances on shape and dimensions.

  • EN 10162, Cold rolled steel sections – Technical delivery conditions – Dimensional and cross-sectional tolerances

Manual AISCeditar

The Instituto Americano de Construção em Aço (AISC) publishes the Steel Construction Manual for designing structures of various shapes. It documents the common approaches, Projeto de Força Permitida (ASD) and Projeto de Carga e Fator de Resistência (LRFD), (starting with 13th ed.) to create such designs.

De outros 

Designação e terminologia 

Feixe de-flange I-larga.
  • In the Estados Unidos, steel I-beams are commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam. For example, a "W10x22" beam is approximately 10 in (254 mm) in depth (nominal height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs 22 lb/ft (33 kg/m). Wide flange section beams often vary from their nominal depth. In the case of the W14 series, they may be as deep as 22.84 in (580 mm).6

  • In Canadá, steel I-beams are now commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam in metric terms. For example, a "W250x33" beam is approximately 250 millimetres (9.8 in) in depth (height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs approximately 33 kg/m (22 lb/ft; 67 lb/yd).7 I-beams are still available in U.S. sizes from many Canadian manufacturers.

  • In México, steel I-beams are called IR and commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam in metric terms. For example, a "IR250x33" beam is approximately 250 mm (9.8 in) in depth (height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs approximately 33 kg/m (22 lb/ft).8

  • In Índia I-beams are designated as ISMB, ISJB, ISLB, ISWB. ISMB: Indian Standard Medium Weight Beam, ISJB: Indian Standard Junior Beams, ISLB: Indian Standard Light Weight Beams, and ISWB: Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams. Beams are designated as per respective abbreviated reference followed by the depth of section, such as for example ISMB 450, where 450 is the depth of section in millimetres (mm). The dimensions of these beams are classified as per IS:808 (as per BIS).citação necessária

  • In the Reino Unido, these steel sections are commonly specified with a code consisting of the major dimension (usually the depth){{0}}x-the minor dimension-x-the mass per metre-ending with the section type, all measurements being metric. Therefore, a 152x152x23UC would be a column section (UC = universal column) of approximately 152 mm (6.0 in) depth 152 mm width and weighing 23 kg/m (46 lb/yd) of length.9

  • In Austrália, these steel sections are commonly referred to as Universal Beams (UB) or Columns (UC). The designation for each is given as the approximate height of the beam, the type (beam or column) and then the unit metre rate (e.g., a 460UB67.1 is an approximately 460 mm (18.1 in) deep universal beam that weighs 67.1 kg/m (135 lb/yd)).5

Feixes celulares 

Feixes celulares are the modern version of the traditional "viga castelada" which results in a beam approximately 40–60 percent deeper than its parent section. The exact finished depth, cell diameter and cell spacing are flexible. A cellular beam is up to 1.5 times stronger than its parent section and is therefore utilized to create efficient large span constructions.10